Palins Candidature 2008

History was being made in the United States’ legislative issues in the year 2008. There was the chance of picking the principal African-American president, the primary female president or the main female VP. It was a war between keeping up the norm and the change that was so gravely needed.Advertising We will compose a custom article test on Palin’s Candidature 2008 explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Though numerous individuals got the data that was not the correct data due to distorting by media offices, the reality of the situation was inside their scope. Sarah Palin was not as unfit as the media would need us to accept. There were a ton of variables having an effect on everything than what we had the option to note. Sarah Palin got one-sided reports particularly by the media which proliferated the possibility that she was inadequate. Sara Palin got ominous inclusion from the media which focused more on her private life than that of her male partne r. In any case, the family and individual existence of Sarah Palin was given a lot of consideration by the media than was the private existences of her male partners. This depicted Palin as a disappointment in zones where she had really exceeded expectations. The Obama crusade group had contended that Sarah had no understanding for running the nation. In actuality, Palin had considerable involvement with corporate administration, if that was what normal American voters were to take a gander at. Shockingly that was not given a lot of open inclusion as was different issues. It is constantly anticipated that during races, individuals will pick the individuals who have shown others how its done to be their pioneers. Be that as it may, numerous voters who don't find the opportunity of meeting the applicants truly settle on decisions relying upon the media inclusion. Along these lines, it ought to be noticed that media has incredible impact on the quantity of individuals who make up their brains to cast a ballot someone in, or out so far as that is concerned. Therefore, the media inclusion that Palin got was not to her kindness and this made her free a great deal of votes. It was miserable to perceive how Obama battle team’s reactions on Palin’s experience got generous media inclusion yet her solid focuses were not broadcast accordingly. On a similar note, Obama similarly as Palin was a congressperson who was looking for a higher elective post. It is unexpected that while Palin got a ton of negative contentions with respect to her experience, Obama got negligible if any whatsoever. It ought to be noticed that in the event that corporate experience was to be the deciding variable, at that point Palin was experienced contrasted with Obama. Besides, Sarah Palin was crusading against the generalization that ladies are substandard and couldn't lead over the American economy. It was obvious from different media creations that ladies wannabes were exposed to various kind of inquiries with respect to their family undertakings in opposition to their male counterparts.Advertising Looking for exposition on government? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More On a similar note, it very well may be noticed that the dressing style of Sarah Palin was firmly observed all through the crusade time frame, while that of Joe Biden her partner was not discussed. Correspondingly, the remain of Sarah Palin on the sexism was placed into examination while male partners were not investigated on the equivalent. Unmistakably sexism issues played an inside stage in Palin’s crusades. Contrasted with her rivals, Palin was very much positioned to deal with the national issues. Notwithstanding, the media was particular and profoundly scrutinized Palin dependent on specific angles which were not utilized on the male competitors. In this way, Palin was pined down in light of the fact that she was passed judg ment on dependent on her sexual orientation rather than the standards she spoke to. This exposition on Palin’s Candidature 2008 was composed and presented by client Vera Y. to help you with your own examinations. You are allowed to utilize it for examination and reference purposes so as to compose your own paper; be that as it may, you should refer to it as needs be. You can give your paper here.

IMF (International Monetary Fund) from 2007 to present using Research Paper

IMF (International Monetary Fund) from 2007 to introduce utilizing universal business point of view - Research Paper Example Globalization has enormous ramifications for organizations as it can decrease the cost structure of the organizations and get improvement as far as nature of items. Globalization has helped in improving worldwide exchange and venture volume as an ever increasing number of organizations have entered in to worldwide market and take the state of global associations. Prior US organizations utilized overwhelm in the field of global fares and FDI. Yet, with changing world situation, different European nations, Japan just as developing economies like India, China, Korea, and so on have decreased the strength of USA as they are following a similar impression (Hill, 2010). For instance, portion of FDI of the organizations of creating world have expanded from under 1 percent in 1980 to as high as 15 percent in 2008, while the portion of USA based organizations have declined from almost 40 percent in 1980 to 18 percent in 2008(approximately) (Hill, 2010). The political situation has additionall y changed in this changed financial circumstance. The political predominance of US is no under incredible danger in this expanding market economy. Numerous European nations that were Communist prior and Some Asian nations have attempted popularity based governmental issues and worried on building free market economies. Consequently, worldwide organizations are getting an ever increasing number of chances to enter these economies that have thus fortify these economies. (Slope, 2010) In this globalized world, significance of worldwide establishments has expanded altogether in keeping up request in different conservative and political fields. IMF is one of such foundations which hold a significant situation in this changing financial and world of politics. Truth be told, it is helping this procedure of progress by its strategies. IMF is liable for keeping up request and security in the worldwide fiscal framework. The exhibition of worldwide organizations to an enormous degree relies up on the activity of universal fiscal framework. In the event that this framework works appropriately, at that point, the dangers related with worldwide business activity diminish essentially. This paper will put its attention on some significant issues identifying with IMF approaches and its outrages since 2007 as IMF exercises is firmly identified with the presentation of worldwide organizations. (Slope, 2010) Issues and Problems with IMF since 2007: Since 2007, various issues identifying with IMF exercises merits referencing as this period compares to the ongoing worldwide money related emergency that has basically influenced inside business. A portion of these issues will be taken a gander at in this area. Disappointment of IMF in the early discovery of US sub-prime emergency in 2007: IMF is liable for keeping up dependability on the planet financial framework and any sort of emergency that my occur in future with the goal that global organizations become mindful of that occasion and make required strides. However, IMF is being accused for its inability to anticipate the emergence and seriousness of the money related emergency that was makes in US (Bennet, 2008). The emergency previously rose in the sub-prime market of US. There was an air pocket in the market in 2006 and 2007. The developments in this market were some early indication of the up and coming occasion of worldwide budgetary emergency. Be that as it may, the IMF neglected to catch those signs in sub-prime market. It is currently being said that absence of specialized and logical limit of the IMF alongside US’s reluctance to actualize reconnaissance of money related division by IMF were answerable for IMF’s powerlessness to identify the early indications of the emergency and anticipate its rise and seriousness. (Bennet, 2008; Bossone, 2008b) Changing macroeconomic Policy under worldwide monetary emergency: Although IMF neglected to anticipate the ongoing worldwide

IELTS Essay Samples - How to Get the Most Out of Your Test

IELTS Essay Samples - How to Get the Most Out of Your TestYou can gain a tremendous amount of information from the essay samples given by IELTS test takers. In fact, the IELTS English Proficiency Exam (E) is one of the most important tests that one can get to take. Whether you are in high school or you are in your twenties, you will definitely find these tests to be beneficial.Most of the time, students who have taken the IELTS take this test in order to help them decide whether or not they should pursue higher education. On the other hand, there are also those who take the test because they are looking for job opportunities. Regardless of why you took the test, you will be able to gain a great deal of information from it.For one thing, the IELTS exam is one of the easiest exams that can be taken. This is true even if you are in your twenties. Since the test is meant to be made easy, most people find it very helpful in determining their strengths and weaknesses when it comes to writi ng.The reason why the IELTS is such a good exam to take is because most of the test takers have a very difficult time while writing a paper. After all, the exam is all about getting information out of your head and into writing. When you know how to write well, then you know how to pass the IELTS.Of course, when you have taken the IELTS, you can get a certificate for passing it. Of course, this isn't something that you will receive immediately. In fact, it could take you two years to get your certificate, and this includes taking the test.Of course, the idea of taking an IELTS is to have a piece of paper that shows that you can write. If you are not in the position to take such a test, you will be able to find free essay samples. Of course, you should always be careful with these samples because some of them may be too short to read.Remember, though, that this test is supposed to be made easy. As such, you will not need to spend a lot of time looking for free essay samples. In fact, the moment you get your certificate, you can start working on taking the English test at your local college.Of course, the IELTS is not the only test that you should take in order to be able to study English. There are many other tests that you should take, so make sure that you choose the right one for you. That way, you will be able to learn the necessary skills to become a more effective writer.

Battle Royal - Ralph Ellison Research Paper - 1209 Words

Battle of a Black Man Ralph Ellison made it clear that Invisible Man was not based on his own experiences. In an interview, he stated, â€Å"Let me say right now that my book is not an autobiographical work.† However, it is clear that his culture and the time period of his upbringing affected his writing. This is particularly seen in his descriptions of the treatment of blacks, the African American society, and the revelation of the narrator. Like the characters in â€Å"Battle Royal†, African Americans have to fight each other in real life because whites leave them so little (Brent 2). The white society sees itself as superior; therefore, it does not provide for African Americans. Blacks are then forced to compete within themselves in life. To†¦show more content†¦The treatment of blacks is frightening. The white society really believes that blacks deserve no better. In his article â€Å"Imagery in the ‘Battle Royal’ Chapter of Ralph Ellison†™s Invisible Man,† Norman German states, â€Å"the animal imagery graphically highlights Ellison’s theme that when one sex or race treats another as an object or animal, both become dehumanized or bestial† (1). Ellison stated, â€Å"Much of the rhetorical and political energy of white society went toward proving to itself that we were not human† (German 2). The white men in â€Å"Battle Royal† not only treat the young black men as animals, or objects, but also the stripper. Therefore, they become animals themselves. Ellison once said, â€Å"Our social mobility was strictly, and violently, limited† (German 2). The black society is portrayed in a special way in â€Å"Battle Royal.† The boxing ring of the Battle symbolizes the confinement of blacks in their society (German 2). The whites are always superior, and the blacks are constantly held back and left fighting. â€Å"The story’s title, ‘Battle Royal,’ suggests that the incidents described in the narrative are just one battle in the ongoing racial war† (Brent 2). There is constant controversy between whites and blacks, so far as it is described as a war. In the grandfather’s speech, he describes it as a war, and he states that he wants the narrator to â€Å"keep up the good fight.† He then explains how the narrator should do so; he orders him â€Å"Live with your head in the lion’sShow MoreRelatedProject Managment Case Studies214937 Words   |  860 PagesSTUDIES, SECOND EDITION - PROJECT MANAGEMENT CASE STUDIES, SECOND EDITION HAROLD KERZNER, Ph.D. Division of Business Administration Baldwin-Wallace College Berea, Ohio John Wiley Sons, Inc. This book is printed on acid-free paper. @ Copyright O 2006 by John Wiley Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Published by John Wiley Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey Published simultaneously in Canada No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted

Painting Analysis in Jane Eyre - 3436 Words

Drawing a Breath of Fresh Eyre From the opening chapter of Charlotte Brontà «Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s Jane Eyre the reader becomes aware of the powerful role that art plays. There is something extraordinary about the pictures Jane admires from other artists, as well as the work she creates herself. Her solitary pastime often operates as an outlet of pain, either past or present, and offers her the opportunity to deal with unpleasant emotions and memories. Jane’s art transcends her isolation by bringing her into contact with others who see it; it functions as a bridge between her desire to be alone and her need for companionship. Despite her struggles with inner conflict and the people in her life, Jane’s art helps her find personal power, marking her true†¦show more content†¦She realizes that this wrongdoing would eliminate Miss Temple’s promise to teach her drawing and to learn French. Jane descends from the stool in search of Miss Temple, her beloved superint endent, who often â€Å"listens to Mr. Brocklehurst’s sermonizing in ladylike silence with her mouth ‘closed as if it would have required a sculptor’s chisel to open it’† (Gilbert 784). Miss Temple kindly allows Jane to speak in her defense, such an unfamiliar concept coming from the Reed residence. Once Jane’s story is corroborated she is rewarded with beginning lessons in drawing and French. Her subsequent years at the Lowood Institution, although glossed over by Brontà «, are when Jane emerges as an artist. Her first sketch is landscape with a crooked cottage whose graphic limitations bring about a daydream that evening in which she envisions a feast of â€Å"more accomplished imagery†(72). Each imaginary scene is one she anticipates producing with her own hands: picturesque landscapes with ruins, lowing cattle that recall Dutch painters like Cuyp, butterflies hovering near roses, birds pecking at fruit. Through this eleg iac, bucolic, wish-fulfilling dreamscape, she sees herself become adept at making â€Å"freely- penciled,† rather than minutely copied, renderings of the natural world intensively and expansively observed. (Kromm 377-378) Jane’s goal is clearly much higher than reproducing other’s works. She sees herself acquiring the skills of a professional artist. JaneShow MoreRelatedModern Cinem Mise En Scene2125 Words   |  9 Pagesadds a personal touch and warmth, making it seems as though our own uncle was providing words of wisdom. Orientalism, although an unfair generalization of people, catches the eye of many as an exotic way of life. Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres’s painting, The Grand Odalisque, depicts a fantasy of orientalism, showing a woman seemingly caught in a sensual scene. A woman with thin strips of cloth to cover her otherwise nude figure is the center of this artwork. It is under the assumption that, becauseRead MoreThe Epithet in the Novel Jane Eyre18849 Words   |  76 PagesINTRODUCTION The present course- paper is devoted to the comprehensive study of stylistic device – the epithet in the literary work â€Å"Jane Eyre† by Charlotte Bronte. The topicality of chosen by us theme lies in the fact that a human being perceives the reality by means of various images. These images exist everywhere: in art, in nature, in thoughts, and in speech in particular. Each of us at least ones created an image. We use different means (stylistic expressive means and devices) to achieve

Contribution Of Ethic Education To Ethical - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss about the Contribution Of Ethic Education To Ethical. Answer: Introduction: Resuscitation, endotracheal intubation (ETI) is an important technique utilized for securing proper passage of airway under pre-hospital emergency settings (Eich et al. 2009). However, lack of regular practise of ETI hampers the competence of the medical nurse to carry-out the ETI process (Kim et al. 2014). Moreover, lack of proper exposure to the ETI process results in high rate of failure. ETI under paediatric set-up is a difficult skill to learn and execute. This is because the anatomy of the pulmonary airway of the children is different from those of the adults and standard adult Macintosh laryngoscope is not suitable for the children (Kim et al. 2014). For children Millers laryngoscope blade is commonly used and these also demands high-end skill. Moreover, through this direct laryngoscopy, it is impossible to visualise the glottis of the child. In order to overcome the limitations video or optical laryngoscopes can be used (Kim et al. 2014). This assignment is important because it aims to provide a detailed critique of a research paper that is based on the intubation under paediatric set-up. The required findings of the study will help in the refinement of the laryngoscope procedure undertaken before ETI for pulmonary airway management. The results will also help to reduce the risks or the chances of failure associated with the process of laryngoscopy among the children. Moreover, the study will help to project a laryngoscopy technique in such a way that it can be easily to conducted by a medical staff without facing much hassle or in-depth requirement of laryngoscope instruments handling skills. Search strategy The review of literature was conducted on the basis of the relevant, authentic and recently published articles. The articles were selected from the electronically from the databases like PubMed and Medline. The main keywords that are employed for the Boolean search of the research articles from the electronic databases include intubation AND laryngoscope, optical laryngoscope AND video laryngoscope, children OR child, paediatric, resuscitation, laryngoscope AND randomized control trial, laryngoscope AND miller laryngoscope, child AND cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Only studies, which are centred on the effect of laryngoscope over the human children during the last 15 years, were chosen for the study. According to the reports published by Parahoo et al. (2006) the selection of the keywords should be done in such a way that it highlights the topic of interest. The research articles which are chosen on the basis of the keyword search are scrutinized on the basis of their abstract in ord er to ascertain the relevancy of the topic discussed in the main body. The detailed inclusion and exclusion criteria, which considered while studying the abstracts, are discussed below. Inclusion criteria Exclusion criteria Studies based on paediatric set-up Studies carried on non-human primates Studies carried on cardiopulmonary resuscitation Studies carried on only human palliative resuscitation Trainee para-medicine health care professionals Experienced healthcare professionals The paper was selected for critical analysis because it compared four commonly used yet popular intubation devices namely McGrath, AirTraq, GlideScope and Miller under a stimulated scenario of paediatric cardiovascular resuscitation. This study thus can effectively be considered as a unique randomized control research in the field of paediatriclaparoscopy. Novel approach and comparative analysis undertaken in this research design further made it unique as no one before conducted this similar kind of study in this field. Moreover, this comparative study helped in the elucidation of the success rate, time requirement and the efficacy of optical or video laparoscope in comparison to the commonly used Millers laryngoscope blade. The results of the study will help in the refinement of the intubation under paediatric set-up. Moreover, the study also aims to decrease the rate of failure or fatal threats associated with laparoscopy before intubation in paediatric conditions thereby helping t o provide quality care to the children. Critique of research rigor The aim of the study undertaken by Szarpak et al. (2015) is to perform a comparative analysis in order to ascertain the efficacy of different available video laryngoscopes with Miller laryngoscope during the emergency intubation required atthe time of paediatric cardiopulmonary resuscitation. The aim of the study is clearly discussed as is extremely relevant in present day scenario. According to Eichet al. (2009), paediatric intubation is a complex skill to learn and demands continuous exposure to the said practise in order to maintain the competence. Leone, Rich and Finer (2005)further opined that lack of practise or exposure results in high rate of failure and this failure rate is independent of the professional background of the intubator. Moreover, paediatric intubation done via using traditional process, Miller's laryngoscope blade, does not enable the intubator to view the glottis of the child clearly (Menges and Crown 2005). On the other hand advanced video laryngoscopes enabl e complete visual coverage of the glottis and thereby aiding to avoid the associated complications of intubation (Kim et al. 2014) Thus the aim of the study conducted by Szarpak et al. (2015) will help to evaluate the efficacy of two techniques underthe parameter of ease of access and efficacy and the subsequent results will help to generate a refined approach for paediatric intubation during cardiovascular resuscitation. The title of the study conducted by Szarpak et al. (2015) says, Comparison of intubation through the McGrath MAC, GlideScope, AirTraq, and Miller laryngoscope by paramedics during child CPR: a randomized crossover manikin trial. Thus the study title of Szarpak et al. (2015) succinctly describes the purpose of the study, methodology undertaken to conduct the study and the chosen group over which the study was designed to be conducted. This kind of formulation of the title by Szarpak et al. (2015) goes in accordance with the concept of research paper published by Parahoo et al. (2006). According to Parahoo et al. (2006), the title of the study must be designed in such a way that it at once gives the important highlights of the study to the readers. An ideal study title must clearly highlights the target group of the study, the aim of the study and the methodological approach (Parahoo et al. 2006). Apart from the study title, the abstract framed by Szarpak et al. (2015) also provide the readers a rough overview of the entire study without any miss of the crucial points. Szarpak et al. (2015) divided the abstract in to four parts including background, methods, results and conclusion. Each part of the abstract is written in a consisted manner, however, not missing any important detail of the study. The framing of the abstract further satisfies the concept opined by Parahoo et al. (2006) in the domain of abstract writing. Determination of the sample size is a crucial part of any research study because sample size helps in determining the significance of the statistical analysis (Suresh and Chandrashekara 2012). The participants of the randomized crossover trial conducted by Szarpak et al. (2015) included the resuscitation trainees of the International Institute of Rescue Research and Education (Warsaw, Poland) who have no known prior experience in the process of paediatric intubation with video laryngoscopes but have previous exposure ro conventional Miller laryngoscope. Szarpak et al. (2015) included total of 102 paramedic trainees.Parahoo et al. (2006) is of the opinion that it is the duty of the researcher to clearly state that number and the nature of the focus group or the sample that has been selected for the study. According to Parahoo et al. it helps in the refinement of the external accuracy of the experiment while retaining the universality of the study. Szarpak et al. (2015) have also docum ented the age, gender, level of education and experience under workplace settings of each of the participants of the focus group separately and have represented the process of sample recruitment via a flow-chart based on CONSORT statement. According to Ross (2012) differential classification of the focus group or the respondents on the basis of their gender and age further helps in the refinement of the data analysis and the obtained results and this in turn help to increase the quality of the study. According to research report published by Parahoo et al. (2006), blinding is acrucial part of randomizedcontrol trial. It is undertaken in order to prevent unconscious and conscious bias. LoBindo-Wood and Haber (2014) further stated that selection of randomization as the main process for conducting a research study is beneficial because randomization helps in the reducing the selection and the confounding bias such that the participants of the study become the true representatives of the selected group of population. Study conducted by Szarpak et al. (2015) selected the candidates for the focus group under strict inclusion and exclusion criteria. This helped to reduce the outcome reporting bias arising out of incomplete reporting while ensuring both representativeness and homogeneity of the sample (Greenhalgh 2014). Selected participants of the study conducted by Szarpak et al. (2015) who have prior experience with Miller laryngoscope were given 45-minute training on anatomy of the p aediatric respiratory system and techniques employed in video laryngoscopes. After training with each device of the video laryngoscopes, participants were allowed to take a 20-minute rest followed by intubation test. In order to avoid observation based learning effect, participants were not allowed to view each other during the time of the test.According to Greenhalgh (2014), this approach furnishes two different meaning of ascertaining the outcomes that arecapable of reducing the chance of bias while increasing the accuracy of the findings.The demographic of the participants were kept identical in terms of experience and this gain helps in the improvement of the overall accuracy of the outcomes (Parahoo 2006). Ross (2012) further opined that accuracy and dependability of tests could be increased via proper handling of the participating individuals in an identical manner. This helps in decreasing the influence of confounding variables. However, Szarpak et al. (2015) did not mentione d that whether the participants were completely blinded about the aim of the study while they are asked to filled a questionnaire about their experience while taking the test. According to Greenhalgh (2014), blinding of the participants of the focus group help in the reducing the bias effect of the study. The exclusion-inclusion criteria of prospective focus group selection were clearly stated in the study. The study here excluded women who are suffering from diabetes, preeclampsia, obesity, hypertension and multiple pregnancies. According to Ross (2012), the criteria of inclusion and exclusion must be stated clearly. Greenhalgh (2014) further opined that determination of these guidelines helps to increase the accuracy of the study. The study of Szarpak et al. (2015) observed proper ethical regulations that are required to carry out randomize control study (Thompson et al. 2006). Szarpak et al. (2015) haveincluded the participants of the study only after taking a written consent from all the 102 participants. Required approval from the concerned authority was taken over the randomised crossover trail design of the study before initiation. The aim of the research satisfies the ethical principal of non- malfeasance which states that the healthcare professionals must not provide ineffective treatment that has chances to harm the patients (Parahoo 2006). Szarpak et al. (2015) used R statistical package for Windows and the obtained results were represented via mean standard deviation or absolute percentage or numbers. Wilcoxon signed rank test was again used to verify the results. McNemar test was employed to analyse the possible difference in the success rate of the study and multivariate regression analysis models were employed to analyse the impact of age, sex, work-experience and education level over the efficacy of the blind intubation. P value of less than 0.5 was considered to be statistically significant.Ross (2012) stated that use of more than one statistical tests is helpful to comparison the results in order to evaluate the significance. According to Parahoo (2006), it is the duty of the researcher to discuss the limitations of their own study. Szarpak et al. (2015) highlighted Manikin approach as the main limitations of their study this is because Manikin studies can never fully substitute the studies carried over the human models. Moreover Szarpak et al. (2015) stated that the intubation devices used have not been compared under the situation of randomized, crossover and controlled trial. Study Findings and Physiological Implications of the Study The results of the statistical analysisperformed by Szarpak et al. (2015) showed that the success rate of the endotracheal intubation (ETI) video laryngoscopes was higher than direct laryngoscope done via using Miller Laryngoscope. The statistical significance of AirTraq, GlideScope and McGrath in comparison to Miller Laryngoscope include P The guidelines of the European Resuscitation Council (2010) emphasizes the delivery of continuous compression of chest within a few interruptions as possible encompassing frequent break for airway management efforts. An airway management effort is considered to be an essential factor in both pre-hospital and in-hospital paediatric intubation. However, intubation is a technically challenging skill to learn and demands continuous exposure to the process in order to prevent the deterioration of the skill Hubble et al. (2010). Here lies the main physiological implication of the study as it helps in the elucidation of a new yet innovative technique for paediatric intubation. Video (McGraph or GlideScope) or optical laryngoscopes (AirTraq) is easy to operate under paediatric set-upand does not demands regular practise to prevent skill deterioration and is quick to execute (Szarpak et al. 2015).According to Manica et al. (2013) prolong length of the intubation done via the use of the tradit ional laryngoscopes results in the development of the laryngeal lesions along with the increase in the incidence of subglottic stenosis. Thus application of the video or optical laryngoscopes will help to reduce the chance of developing paediatric complications during intubation. Moreover, according to Fiadjoe et al. (2016), direct yet prolong laryngoscope procedures in paediatric set-up is associated with numerous complication and thus proper assessment of the larynx via video laryngoscope and then triggering the intubation will help to avoid complications under paediatric set-up. According to European Resuscitation Council (2010), team of nurse who are under the resuscitation team should be concerned in ensuring the safety of the patient. The ground of patient safety and subsequent comfort falls under the principal duty of the nurse operating the patient. According to Hazinski (2012), it is the duty of the nurse to assure the comfort and the safety of a child during any form of treatment as children are unable to express their sense of discomfort clearly. Hence forming intubation via video or optical laryngoscope will help to reduce the discomfort of the children. Moreover, according to the reports published by Szarpak et al. 2015, video laryngoscope is fact and accurate technique and thereby further helping to reduce the children level of discomfort. The use of the optical or video laryngoscope goes in favour of the ethical principle of beneficence and non-malfeasance (Cannaerts, Gastmans and Casterl 2014). According to the ethical principle of beneficence, it is the duty of the healthcare professionals to provide maximum benefits to their clients and thereby contributing health and well-being (Cannaerts, Gastmans and Casterl 2014). The reports published by Szarpak et al. 2015 revealed that video or optical laryngoscopic technique is more superior to the Millers laryngoscope blade as it is fast and helps in the proper view of the glottis and hence reducing the complications of intubation and thus providing comfort and benefit to the child. The use of optical or video laryngoscope technique also goes in accordance to the ethical principle of non-malfeasance, which promotes obligations towards intentional harm (Cannaerts, Gastmans and Casterl 2014). Conclusion Thus from the above critical analysis of the research paper published by Szarpak et al. 2015 it can be concluded that optical or video laparoscopy is one of the best suited methodsduring the emergency situation in hospitals. It can be considered as a safe and alternative for other conventional method used for paediatric endotracheal intubation (ETI). Thestudy further stated McGrath, GlideScope, and AirTraq intubation devices are fast, safe, and easy to use. The use of the optical or video laryngoscope technique does not cast any intentional harm to the child on contrary it helps to undertake refinement of the intubation technique, reducing the childs harm from the long-term therapy. Thus the study eliminates the requirement of expertise skills and regular practise of laryngoscopy by the medical staffs in order to avoid unsuccessful cases of ETI. Moreover, different laryngoscope approach is required for children because of the different anatomical of the childrens throat in comparison to that of the adults. Millers laryngoscope fails to view the glottis of the children clearly. The use of video laryngoscope will promote clear view of the glottis of the child and thus eradicating the complications arising out of prolong intubation. Within the stated limitations of a randomized manikin study, this researchproposes that inexperienced healthcare professionals might earn certain benefit from using video laryngoscope devices during emergency airway management of a child. However, it must be taken into consideration that endotracheal intubation (ETI) must be preferably done under the controlled supervision of the experienced physicians and paramedics. The study is unique in the domain of paediatric intubation and proposed advancement in this domain. The study scores high in the grounds of title formation, compact abstract framework, selection and elaboration of sampling methods, statistical analysis and elimination of the confounding bias. However, study could not high light that whether the participants were aware about the aim of the study as this may also impose a bias effect on the end results. References Cannaerts, N., Gastmans, C. and Casterl, B.D.D., 2014. A contribution of ethics education to the ethical competence of nursing students: educators and students perceptions.Nursing ethics,21(8), pp.861-878. Eich, C., Roessler, M., Nemeth, M., Russo, S.G., Heuer, J.F. and Timmermann, A., 2009. Characteristics and outcome of prehospital paediatric tracheal intubation attended by anaesthesia-trained emergency physicians.Resuscitation,80(12), pp.1371-1377. Fiadjoe, J.E., Nishisaki, A., Jagannathan, N., Hunyady, A.I., Greenberg, R.S., Reynolds, P.I., Matuszczak, M.E., Rehman, M.A., Polaner, D.M., Szmuk, P. and Nadkarni, V.M., 2016. Airway management complications in children with difficult tracheal intubation from the Pediatric Difficult Intubation (PeDI) registry: a prospective cohort analysis.The Lancet Respiratory Medicine,4(1), pp.37-48. Greenhalgh, T., 2014.How to read a paper: The basics of evidence-based medicine. John Wiley Sons. Hazinski, M.F., 2012. Nursing Care of the Critically Ill Child-E-Book.Elsevier Health Sciences. Hubble, M.W., Brown, L., Wilfong, D.A., Hertelendy, A., Benner, R.W. and Richards, M.E., 2010. A meta-analysis of prehospital airway control techniques part I: orotracheal and nasotracheal intubation success rates.Prehospital Emergency Care,14(3), pp.377-401. Kim, Y., Kim, J.E., Jeong, D.H. and Lee, J., 2014. Combined use of a McGrath MAC video laryngoscope and Frova Intubating Introducer in a patient with Pierre Robin syndrome: a case report.Korean journal of anesthesiology,66(4), pp.310-313. Langford, R. and Young, A., 2013. Predicting NCLEX-RN success with the HESI Exit Exam: Eighth validity study.Journal of Professional Nursing,29(2), pp.S5-S9. Leone, T.A., Rich, W. and Finer, N.N., 2005. Neonatal intubation: success of pediatric trainees.The Journal of pediatrics,146(5), pp.638-641. LoBiondo-Wood, G. and Haber, J., 2014.Reliability and validity.Nursing research-ebook: Methods and critical appraisal for evidencebased practice. Missouri: Elsevier Mosby, pp.289-309. Manica, D., Schweiger, C., Marstica, P.J.C., Kuhl, G. and Carvalho, P.R.A., 2013. Association between length of intubation and subglottic stenosis in children.The Laryngoscope,123(4), pp.1049-1054. MengesJr, J.E. and Crown, L.A., 2005. Doctor, which type of blade do you want to use now? A Brief History and Review of Direct Laryngoscope and Laryngoscope Blades.Am J Clin Med,2(2). Parahoo, K. 2006. Nursing research : principles, process and issues. London: Palgrave Macmillan Ross, T., 2012.A survival guide for health research methods.McGraw-Hill Education (UK). Suresh, K.P. and Chandrashekara, S., 2012. Sample size estimation and power analysis for clinical research studies.Journal of human reproductive sciences,5(1), p.7. Szarpak, L., Karczewska, K., Evrin, T., Kurowski, A. and Czyzewski, L., 2015. Comparison of intubation through the McGrath MAC, GlideScope, AirTraq, and Miller laryngoscope by paramedics during child CPR: a randomized crossover manikin trial.The American journal of emergency medicine,33(7), pp.946-950. Thompson, I. E. et al. 2006. Nursing Ethics. 5th ed. Edinburgh ; New York: Churchill Livingstone Elsevier. Tobias, J.D., 2015. Pediatric airway anatomy may not be what we thought: implications for clinical practice and the use of cuffed endotracheal tubes.PediatricAnesthesia,25(1), pp.9-19. White, M.C., Marsh, C.J., Beringer, R.M., Nolan, J.A., Choi, A.Y.S., Medlock, K.E. and Mason, D.G., 2012. A randomised, controlled trial comparing the Airtraq optical laryngoscope with conventional laryngoscope in infants and children.Anaesthesia,67(3), pp.226-231.

Depeche Mode And Religion Essays - Depeche Mode, Martin Gore

Depeche Mode And Religion Depeche Mode: Songs of Faith and Devotion Originally released in 1993, Depeche Mode's Songs of Faith and Devotion was unveiled to a stunned U.S. and U.K. audience. The band had undergone a transformation of truly gothic preportions. Gone were the short crew cuts, the sole use of synthesizers, and the Gap image. In its place were long and flowing Jesus-like hair, distorted guitars and full drum sections, and a look that some described as the heroine junky mode. Much to the surprise of die-hard fans, the album was a commercial success, spawning a full length live album, 5 top twenty Billboard hits, and a relentless 18 month tour which ended abruptly when keyboardist Alan Wilder quit the band after 16 years. The content of Songs of Faith and Devotion came out of an era of confusion and redemption for the band, and namely from lead singer Dave Gahan's fight with heroine and cocaine addiction. After spending 3 years in seclusion after the release of Violater in 1989, the band reuinited in early 1992 to begin recording a new album. The tone of the album would be so overtly religious that some fans were initially turned off by the constant references to God, holiness, redemption, suffering, and the like. The most glaring example of Depeche Mode's new-found religion is the song Walking in My Shoes. The song was written by Martin Gore in response to the public outrage regarding Dave Gahan's new bad boy image, with his constant public misbehaviour, his new adoration for religious tattoos, and his striking new resemblance to Jesus. The lyrics tell a tale of a man who's life has been turned upside down by trials and tribulations. Like Job before him, many of the problems that Dave Gahan had encountered were beyond his control. The creative tension between Martin Gore and Alan Wilder, the constant touring and public appearances, the death of his mother and father, and a long legal battle with Sire records had taken their toll on Dave's psyche. Martin Gore was always the first to confront Dave, but in this case it was through music that he would best serve the purpose of bringing Dave back from the brink of despair. The first verse of the song introduces us to the characters point of view, with an emphasis on things that are done to him, rather than what he has done to himself I would tell you about the things they put me through The pain I've been subjected to But the Lord himself would blush The countless feasts laid at my feet Forbidden fruits for me to eat But I think your pulse would start to rush The first three lines give the impression that his suffering is not because of God, but in spite of it. The second line has a connection with Adam and Eve in the Garden of Eden. Adam indeed had a feast laid at his feet, and the final line seems to imply that the character has more to tell us, but is afraid that we would not be able to understand, or possibly to believe, what he has to offer us. The second verse gives the impression that the character has been made a scapegoat, and is being made an example of Morality would frown upon Decency look down upon This scapegoat fates made of me But I promise now, my judge and jurors My intentions couldn't have been purer My case is easy to see. The first three lines talk of morality and decency, and this is important not only to identify the character as a good person, but also as one who is suffering through no fault of his own. The last three lines talk of intentions, which seems to relate quite literally to the relationship between Job and God. In the Bible, Job suffered so that God might make a point to Satan, and therefore his intentions could be seen as good. While it should be noted that at no time does this character ever profess any type of religious preference, the choice of words leads one to believe that his experiences are of a holy nature. The constant religious references throughout the album give it a very dark and somber mood, but also leaves the work open

pinochet essays

pinochet essays "It was a day in spring , December 20,1973 at about 4:30 pm , that I heard several knocks on the door of my house , which sounded unfamiliar and threatening. My brother had just returned home from his work in the textile industry and had gone to our common bedroom to lie down for his usual short afternoon nap. I went to answer the door and encountered three men with a very cold attitude. One of them asked me in a dry voice ; Does Pedro Rojas live "Before answering, an infinity of urgent thoughts passed through my adolescent 16-year old brain. I knew that my brother had been a memmber or a political organization of young people who supported the party of the recently overthrown government and that in our neighborhood many of his friends had been detained. For this reason I went through an internal struggle whether to give the government agent an affirmative answer as to the whereabouts of my brother......and for twenty-five years now, I have been living with the regret of having done so. If I had denied my brother's presence that day , it might have given him a tiny chance of It all started when Salvador Allende Gossens was elected as president of Chile in 1970 Allende then nationalized many industries , including the copper mines , in which U.S. business had a lot of money invested in. Doing this cause economical problems and then aggravated by strikes. The U.S. Central Intelligence Agency saw this to be the perfect time for a military coup. This is where the government is overthrown. As a result of this military coup Allende was eliminated on September 11, 1973. his successors declared that he had committed suicide,while his supporters claimed that he was murdered . At the time Pinochet was the military general ,so when the military coup happe ...

Comparing Othello to Genji. What kind of heroes were they What made Essay

Comparing Othello to Genji. What kind of heroes were they What made them different than the heroes that we studied before them - Essay Example This leads him to kill Desdemona, his wife, as well as himself towards the end. (Shakespeare, William) On the other hand, the Tale of Genji, written by Murasaki Shikibu is a masterpiece and great contribution to both Japanese as well as world literature. It has been recalled as one of the first novels ever written in the world, in fiction. It presents a very realistic view of life through the actions and characteristics of a young man by the name of Genji. It has been set during the time of aristocracy in Japan as Genji was the son of an Emperor. It is a play centred around the romantic life that he led with the love of his life, and the complications of societal pressure that are sought upon people with time and human bondage. (Murasaki, Shikibu) The two characters of Othello and Genji have quite a number of similarities and differences between them. They can be compared and contrasted against and with each other on the basis of a number of traits that they possess. Both plays have a background of the main protagonist acting out of the passion of love. Othello was madly in love with Desdemona, and Genji, with Lady Fujitsubo and later Murasaki. However, Othello has been constant in his love for his woman; despite him being posted far away from her,he tried to keep the flame alive within himself, in hopes of soon being able to meet with his Lady love. However, Iago changed his mind with time regarding her character and personality and made him believe that she was indeed a woman that engaged in adultery with other men, and that she could not really love someone. Genji, however, understood love as he matured from a boy to a man. He was first in love with the Lady and this love was forbidden. It made him want it even more and soon she bears his son. In the meantime, he falls in love with a number of different women as he pleases, and seduces a number of them, leading them on and making them believe that they have a shot in being his wife. As compared to Othello, t hus, Genji does not come off as a character that would die for the love of his life during this point in his life. He was a young man who was hell bent on enjoying the frivolous pursuits of life; he proves through Murasaki’s writings that the young royals at the time in Japan had no qualms about whether or not their decisions were affecting other people or the rest of the country, they only wanted to do whatever pleased them, and in this case, it involved randomly involving oneself with different women. Towards the end of both the plays however, both characters witness the emotion and feeling of what death is and how it dawns upon a person when it happens to a loved one. Genji realizes that his true love was only for Murasaki, and when she dies, his memories of her begin to haunt him. He then is able to comprehend how fleeting his entire life was and how easily time just passed him by. He understands that he did not give her enough time even though she was his wife, and that he should have told her that he loved her while he still had the chance. Othello too, was forced by his own emotions to undergo the pain and trauma of the death of a loved one. (Penguin Reading Guides) He was overpowered by the force of his own emotions and feelings to kill Desdemona because he was made to believe that she was having an affair with one of the soldiers in his army. The jealousy that erupts within the man threatens to ruin his life and also subsequently ruins the image of

Scarcity and how it Applies to Micro-Economic Decision Making Essay

Scarcity and how it Applies to Micro-Economic Decision Making - Essay Example It is a fact that if anything is scarce it will definitely have a higher market value compared to those goods and services which are relatively widely available. (Riley 2006)i Scarcity essentially raises the question of which alternative to choose and which is better in which condition. These various choices have to be made on a daily basis by all consumers, firms and governments. (Steven 2011)iiA simple example is how the millions of people in New York City get to work. This choice of which mode of travel to take in order to get to their required destination in the least and most cost-effective amount of time is what troubles everyone. These small decisions are taken on an extensive scale on a daily basis and for most of the individuals this is more of a habitual routine than a choice but still at the first instance they had to figure out which mode is the best for them. This concept is followed by the most important concept in microeconomics, Opportunity Cost. Opportunity Cost meas ures the cost of any choice in terms of the next best alternative forgone. This can apply to individuals, firms and governments. For an individual whether to work extra hours or give more time to family for leisure is a choice that has to be made on a regular basis. For a government, it has to decide whether to allocate its limited budget to military or education or health. For a firm, it has to decide which machinery to use to produce the most output in the least amount of time maintaining quality. All this is not only a decision that is made without conscious thinking, it requires a lot of conscious effort from the individual’s part to investigate which option is best for him. This involves a rational Cost-Benefit Analysis. A Cost-Benefit Analysis is the process whereby individuals decide whether the advantages of a particular option are likely to outweigh its drawbacks. This is highly specific as all the known information for the available alternatives has to be taken into account and after comparing it with each other it has to be decided upon which alternative is giving the most benefit after accounting for its drawbacks (net benefit). On a micro-level thousands of millions of decisions take place to counter this problem of scarcity. A firm has to constantly perform assessment whether to hire new workers or request their existing workers to give extra hours in order to produce the excess demand. A separate department usually exists in MNC’s which has the responsibility to undertake extensive in-depth research in major financial decisions. For example, acquiring of new capital costing millions of dollars $ might be a better option than upgrading existing capital equipment. Although the initial cost will be high but the long term benefit of the first choice will outweigh the benefit of the second option. In Africa, governments have to constantly engage in a battle against poverty, healthcare and education. The question which is more important is debatable. Which sector should be given more preference depends on the positive impact it will have on the community and society on the whole. It can also mean that in a battle to provide everyone clean water and food, government might not reach its set goal for education. (CBC 2011)iii Nevertheless, it has to be viewed in such a perspective that if people are not provided the basic

Structure Of Retail Sector In India

Structure Of Retail Sector In India Abstract Despite the ongoing wave of incessant liberalization and globalization, the Indian retail sector is still aloof from progressive and ostentatious development. This dismal situation of the retail sector undoubtedly stems from the absence of a Foreign Direct Investment (hereinafter referred as FDI) encouraging policy in the Indian retail sector. In this context, attempts have been made to study the strategic issues concerning the structure of Indian retail sector, current FDI policy and its limitation. Moreover, the latest move of the government to allow 51% FDI in multi-brand retail in India and increasing the FDI limit in single brand retail in India to 100% (from the existing 51%) is facing opposition which has raised significant hurdles for effective implementation of the reforms. FDI in retail has been opposed citing fears of loss of employment and that traditional retail may be affected. However, adherents of the same indicate easy access to capital for domestic retailers, increa sed transfer of technology, enhanced supply chain efficiencies, increased employment opportunities and curtailment of inflation as the perceived benefits. By analysis of the debate thats raging over opening the retail sector to FDI it is pointed out that opening up of FDI in retail in India could potentially be a mixed blessing for domestic players and negative impact if any is expected to be short-lived and to weaken over time. Also, the advantages of allowing unrestrained FDI in the retail sector evidently outweigh the disadvantages attached to it. Though its time for opening the door for FDI in retail the same should be treaded cautiously and the proliferation of foreign capital into retailing needs to be anchored in such a way that it results in a win-win situation for India. Introduction The retail industry comprising of organized and unorganized sectors is of late often being hailed as one of the fastest growing sectors in India. According to the Investment Commission of India, the retail sector is expected to grow almost three times its current levels to $660 billion by 2015. Though initially, the retail industry in India was mostly unorganized, however with the change of tastes and preferences of the consumers, the industry is getting more popular these days and getting organized as well. The Indian retail sector is ready to take on challenges from global retail players such as Wal-mart and Carrefour. Recently, to encourage the organized retailing in the country government decided to allow 51% FDI in multi brand retail and 100% in single brand retail in November, 2011.While this long awaited approval, come as a relief to many organised retailers and foreign players, oppositions from state government, political parties etc., raises significant hurdles for effective implementation of the reforms. Structure Of Retail Sector In India Before we go into the intricacies of the issue we must know what retail means and what the structure of retail sector in India is. Retailing can be said to be the interface between the producer and the individual consumer buying for personal consumption. This excludes direct interface between the manufacturer and institutional buyers such as the government and other bulk customers. Retailing is the last link that connects the individual consumer with the manufacturing and distribution chain. A retailer is involved in the act of selling goods to the individual consumer at a margin of profit.  [1]  Also, the High Court of Delhi  [2]  defined the term retail as a sale for final consumption in contrast to a sale for further sale or processing (i.e. wholesale). The retail industry in India is divided into organised and unorganised sectors. Organised retailing refers to trading activities undertaken by licensed retailers, that is, those who are registered for sales tax, income tax, etc. These include the corporate-backed hypermarkets and retail chains, and also the privately owned large retail businesses. Unorganised retailing, on the other hand, refers to the traditional formats of low-cost retailing, for example, the local kirana shops, owner manned general stores, paan/beedi shops, convenience stores, hand cart and pavement vendors, etc. Unorganized retailing is by far the prevalent form of trade in India.  [3]   Current Fdi Scenario With Respect To Retail In India The advent of FDI in India was witnessed during the end of 1990s when the Indian national government announced a number of reforms which aimed at helping in the process of liberalization and deregulation of the Indian economy.  [4]   FDI in Single- Brand Retailing was, permitted in 2006, to the extent of 51%. Since then, a total of 94 proposals have been received till May, 2010. Of this, 57 proposals were approved. The proposals received and approved related to retail trading of sportswear, luxury goods, apparel, fashion clothing, jewellery, hand bags, lifestyle products etc., covering high-end items. FDI in cash and carry wholesale trading was first permitted, to the extent of 100%, under the Government approval route, in 1997. It was brought under the automatic route in 2006. But, FDI in Multi-Brand retailing is prohibited.  [5]   Limitation Of Present Setup Limitation in the present scenario calls for relaxation of FDI norms. These limitations are as follows: Infrastructure There has been a lack of investment in the logistics of the retail chain, leading to an inefficient market mechanism. Though India is the second largest producer of fruits and vegetables (about 180 million MT), it has a very limited integrated cold-chain infrastructure, with only 5386 stand-alone cold storages, having a total capacity of 23.6 million MT. , 80% of this is used only for potatoes. The chain is highly fragmented and hence, perishable horticultural commodities find it difficult to link to distant markets, including overseas markets, round the year. Storage infrastructure is necessary for carrying over the agricultural produce from production periods to the rest of the year and to prevent distress sales.  [6]   Lack of adequate storage facilities cause heavy losses to farmers in terms of wastage in quality and quantity of produce in general.  [7]  Though FDI is permitted in cold-chain to the extent of 100%, through the automatic route, in the absence of FDI in reta iling; FDI flow to the sector has not been significant. Intermediaries dominate the value chain Intermediaries often flout mandi norms and their pricing lacks transparency. Wholesale regulated markets, governed by State APMC Acts, have developed a monopolistic and non-transparent character. According to some reports, Indian farmers realize only 1/3rd of the total price paid by the final consumer, as against 2/3rd by farmers in nations with a higher share of organized retail.  [8]   Improper Public Distribution System (PDS) There is a big question mark on the efficacy of the public procurement and PDS set-up and the bill on food subsidies is rising. In spite of such heavy subsidies, overall food based inflation has been a matter of great concern. The absence of a farm-to-fork retail supply system has led to the ultimate customers paying a premium for shortages and a charge for wastages.  [9]   No Global Reach The Micro Small Medium Enterprises (MSME) sector has also suffered due to lack of branding and lack of avenues to reach out to the vast world markets. While India has continued to provide emphasis on the development of MSME sector, the share of unorganised sector in overall manufacturing has declined from 34.5% in 1999-2000 to 30.3% in 2007-08  [10]  .This has largely been due to the inability of this sector to access latest technology and improve its marketing interface. Prospected Changes In Fdi Policy For Retail Sector In India Recently in July 2010, the Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion (DIPP) had put up a discussion paper proposing FDI in multi brand retail. In July 2011, a Committee of Secretaries (CoS) had cleared the proposal to allow upto 51% FDI in multi-brand retail and increasing the FDI limit in single brand retail to 100%, which has been approved by the Union Cabinet in November 2011, albeit with a few drivers  [11]  . These drivers in bill are as follows: For multi-brand retail- Minimum investment of US$ 100 million by the foreign investor is required and atleast 50% of the investment by the foreign company to be in back-end infrastructure. The proposal restricts the location of stores to cities with a population of one million or more (53 cities as per 2011 Census); given constraints around real estate, retailers are allowed to set up stores within 10 km of such cities. Also, at least 30% of manufactured items procured should be through domestic small and medium enterprises (SMEs). While the proposals on FDI will be sanctioned by the Centre, approvals from each State Government would be required. For single brand retail- While allowing FDI limit in single brand retail to 100% with government approval, some restriction is again laid down. The foreign investors are to be an owner of the brand and products to be sold should be of a single brand only. Also, in respect of proposals involving FDI beyond 51%, 30% sourcing would mandatorily have to be done from domestic SMEs and cottage industries artisans and craftsmen. Further, like in multi-brand retail state government approval is needed. But, the mounting opposition by several political parties and State Governments has prevented the effective implementation of the key reform measure. Challenges For Foreign Firms In Organized Retail In India The first challenge is competition from the unorganized sector. Traditional retailing has been established in India for many centuries, and is characterized by small, family-owned operations. Because of this, such businesses are usually very low-margin, are owner-operated, and have mostly negligible real estate and labor costs. Moreover, they also pay little by way of taxes. Consumer familiarity that runs from generation to generation is one big advantage for the traditional retailing sector. It is often said that the mom-and-pop store in India is more like a father-and-son enterprise. Such small shops develop strong networks with local neighbourhoods. The informal system of credit adds to their attractiveness, with many houses running up a tab with their neighbourhood kirana store, paying it off every fortnight or month. Moreover, low labor costs also allow shops to employ delivery boys, such that consumers may order their grocery list directly on the phone. These advantages are sig nificant, though hard to quantify. In contrast, players in the organized sector have to cover big fixed costs, and yet have to keep prices low enough to be able to compete with the traditional sector. Getting customers to switch their purchasing away from small neighbourhood shops and towards large-scale retailers may be a major challenge. The other major challenge for retailers in India, as opposed to the US, is the storage setup of households. For the large-scale retail model to work, consumers visit such large stores and return with supplies likely to last them for a few weeks. Having such easy access to neighbourhood stores with whom, as discussed above, it is possible to have a line of credit and easy delivery service, congested urban living conditions imply that few Indian households might be equipped with adequate storage facilities. Concerns Causing Roadblock In Implementation Of Relaxed Fdi Norms History has witnessed that the concern of allowing unrestrained FDI flows in the retail sector has never been free from controversies and simultaneously has been an issue for unsuccessful deliberation ever since the advent of FDI in India. The recent proposal for relaxation of FDI norm is also facing the same challenges and opposition creating roadblock for implementation of suggested reforms. The antagonists of FDI in retail sector oppose the same on various grounds which are as follows: Move will lead to large-scale job losses.  [12]  International experience shows supermarkets invariably displace small retailers. Small retail has virtually been wiped out in developed countries like the US and in Europe. South East Asian countries had to impose stringent zoning and licensing regulations to restrict growth of supermarkets after small retailers were getting displaced. India has the highest shopping density in the world with 11 shops per 1,000 people. It has 1.2 crore shops employing over 4 crore people; 95% of these are small shops run by self-employed people. Adverse impact on domestic small and unorganized retailers as the move would lead to unfair competition and ultimately result in large-scale exit of domestic retailers, especially the small family managed outlets.  [13]   Global retail giants will resort to predatory pricing to create monopoly/oligopoly. This can result in essentials, including food supplies, being controlled by foreign organizations.  [14]   Disintegration of established supply chains by establishment of monopolies of global retail chains, leading to their control on both ends of the supply chain.  [15]   Farmers to get affected on account of non-remunerative prices paid to them by these corporate giants.  [16]   Key Perceived Benefits In spite of the recent developments in retailing and its immense contribution to the economy, it still continues to be the least evolved industries and the growth of organised retailing in India has been much slower as compared to rest of the world. Over a period of 10 years, the share of organised retailing in total retailing has grown from 10 per cent to 40 percent in Brazil and 20 percent in China, while in India it is only 2 per cent (between 1995-2005).  [17]  One important reason for this is that retailing is one of the few sectors where foreign direct investment is not healthily and liberally allowed. Given this backdrop, it is widely acknowledged by the advocators of the reform that FDI can have some positive results on the economy, triggering a series of reactions that in the long run can lead to greater efficiency and improvement of living standards, apart from greater integration into the global economy.  [18]  Some of the benefits claimed by implementing FDI in re tail sector are as follows  [19]  : These would enable cash-starved domestic retailers to deleverage their overly stretched balance sheets by plugging the gap between capital required for growth and the ability of local players to raise capital. Local incumbents will be benefited from technical inputs, investments in supply chain, and investments in human capital. There could be a potential shift in bargaining power of these retailers with FMCG companies (at present, large FMCG players are better positioned vis-à  -vis retailers in discussing terms of trade) once these retailers become large and attain size and scale. Improvement of supply chain/ distribution efficiencies, coupled with capacity building and induction of modern technology, which will help arrest wastages (in the present scenario, lack of investment in logistics and inadequate storage facilities have been creating inefficiencies in the food supply chain, leading to significant wastages). Though FDI is permitted in cold chains to the extent of 100% through the automatic route, in the absence of FDI in front-end retail, investment flows into this sector have been insignificant. The move to open up retail sector to FDI will reduce inflationary pressures as : Farmers will be able to directly sell their produce to retailers, thereby reducing margins for middlemen. Investments in cold-storage and warehousing will ease supply-side pressures that have driven inflation close to a double-digit. Improved supply chain contributes to savings in food wastages which has been rampant on account of inadequate infrastructure. Further, consumers would also benefit from wider choices and better quality products.  [20]   Improvement in productivity and realizations for farmers through direct sales to these large organised players, thus eliminating the margins outflow to the middle-men who have been dominating the value chain, and whose pricing lacks transparency. The opening of the sector to FDI is expected to result in creation of over 10 million jobs (including 6 million jobs in the logistics sector alone) in three years, across agro-processing, sorting, marketing, logistic management and the front-end retail business. Expectations are that it would create jobs not only in the retail industry but also in related areas like real estate and construction. Consumer Benefit In the fierce battle between the advocators and antagonist of unrestrained FDI flows in the Indian retail sector, the interests of the consumers have been blatantly and utterly disregarded. Therefore, one of the arguments which inevitably needs to be considered and addressed while deliberating upon the captioned issue is the interests of consumers at large in relation to the interests of retailers.  [21]   In wake of relentless protests for the opening up of the Indian retail market for the reception of unrestrained FDI, the Investment Commission in July, 2006, opined that that foreign investment would help in improving the retail and supply chain infrastructure, and generate large-scale employment in the country. In addition, the Indian retailers could absorb some of the best operational practices of these international retailers and gain in experience. Ultimately, the consumers would benefit due to the availability of more product offerings, lower prices, and efficient service. The entry of large low-cost retailers and adoption of integrated supply chain management by them is likely to lower down the prices. Also, FDI in retailing can easily assure the quality of product, better shopping experience and customer services. They promote the linkage of local suppliers, farmers and manufacturers, no doubt only those who can meet the quality and safety standards, to global market and this will ensure a reliable and profitable market to these local players.  [22]   Also, from the stand point of consumers, organized retailing would help reduce the problem of adulteration, short weighing and substandard goods. FDI will not just provide access to larger financial resources for investment in the retail sector but simultaneously will rationally allow larger supermarkets, which tend to become regional and national chains to negotiate prices more aggressively with manufacturers of consumer goods and thus pass on the benefit to consumers and to lay down better and tighter quality standards and ensure that manufacturers adhere to them.  [23]   Authors View In principle, governments should not prevent anybody, Indian or foreign, from setting up any business unless there are very good reasons to do so. Hence, unless it can be shown that FDI in retail will do more harm than good for the economy, it should be allowed. Authors are of view that concern raised by opponents is exaggerated. Opening up of FDI as per reform in India could potentially be a mixed blessing for domestic players and negative impact if any is expected to be short-lived and to weaken over time. A major argument given by opponents of FDI in retail is that there will be major job losses. Frankly, the jury is out on whether this is the case or not, with different studies claiming different findings. Big retail chains are actually going to hire a lot of people. So, in the short run, there will be a spurt in jobs. Eventually, theres likely to be a redistribution of jobs with some drying up (like that of middlemen) and some new ones sprouting up. Infact, the government has added an element of social benefit to its latest plan for calibrated opening of the multi-brand retail sector to foreign direct investment (FDI). Only those foreign retailers who first invest in the back-end supply chain and infrastructure would be allowed to set up multi brand retail outlets in the country. The whole idea is that the firms must have already created jobs for rural India before they venture into multi-brand retailing. Also, fears of small shopkeepers getting displaced are vastly exaggerated. Whe n domestic majors were allowed to invest in retail, both supermarket chains and neighbourhood pop-and-mom stores coexisted. Its not going to be any different when FDI according to the reform is allowed. It is also pertinent to note here that that with the possible advent of unrestrained FDI flows in retail market, the interests of the retailers constituting the unorganized retail sector will not be gravely undermined  [24]  , since nobody can force a consumer to visit a mega shopping complex or a small retailer/sabji mandi. Consumers will shop in accordance with their utmost convenience, where ever they get the lowest price, max variety, and a good consumer experience. The argument that farmers will suffer once global retail has developed a virtual monopoly is also weak. To begin with, its very unlikely that global retail will ever become monopolies. Stores like Wal-Mart or Tesco are by definition few, on the outskirts of cities (to keep real estate costs low), and cant intrude into the territory of local kiranas. So, how will they gobble up the local stores. Mega retail chains will keep price points low and attractive thats the USP of their business. This is done by smart procurement and inventory management: Good practices from which Indian retail can also learn. The benefits of larger FDI in other sector has been tangibly felt in the domains pertaining to technological advancements, generation of export, production improvements, and hastening of manufacturing employment. Capital inflow into India has increased and so have the exports from the country. Allowing healthy FDI in the retail sector would not only lead to a substantial surge in the countrys GDP and overall economic development, but would inter alia also help in integrating the Indian retail market with that of the global retail market in addition to providing not just employment but a better paying employment, which the unorganized sector (kirana and other small time retailing shops) have undoubtedly failed to provide to the masses employed in them. Apart from this, by allowing FDI in retail trade, India will significantly flourish in terms of quality standards and consumer expectations, since the inflow of FDI in retail sector is bound to pull up the quality standards and cost-com petitiveness of Indian producers in all the segments. Further, with regard to the concern raised about limit of cap for FDI in multi- branding authors would like to highlight that Industrial organisations such as CII  [25]  , FICCI, US-India Business Council (USIBC), the American Chamber of Commerce in India, The Retail Association of India (RAI) and Shopping Centers Association of India (a 44 member association of Indian multi-brand retailers and shopping malls) favour a phased approach toward liberalising FDI in multi-brand retailing, and most of them agree with considering a cap of 49-51 per cent to start with. RECOMMENDATION FDI in multi-brand retailing must be dealt cautiously as it has direct impact on a large chunk of population.  [26]  Left alone foreign capital will seek ways through which it can only multiply itself, and unthinking application of capital for profit, given our peculiar socio-economic conditions, may spell doom and deepen the gap between the rich and the poor. Thus the proliferation of foreign capital into multi-brand retailing needs to be anchored in such a way that it results in a win-win situation for India. Therefore, apart from the drivers incorporated in the bill negative effect if any can be further diluted and given below are the recommendation for the same: Reconstituting the poverty stricken and stagnating rural sphere into a forward moving and prosperous rural sphere can be one of the justifications for introducing FDI in multi-brand retailing. To actualize this goal it can be stipulated that at least some percentage of the jobs in the retail outlet should be reserved for rural youth and that a certain amount of farm produce be procured from the poor farmers. Public Distribution System is still in many ways the life line of the people living below the poverty line. To ensure that the system is not weakened the government may reserve the right to procure a certain amount of food grains for replenishing the buffer. To protect the interest of small retailers the government may also put in place an exclusive regulatory framework. It will ensure that the retailing giants do resort to predatory pricing or acquire monopolistic tendencies. Besides, the government and RBI need to evolve suitable policies to enable the retailers in the unorganized sector to expand and improve their efficiencies.  [27]   A National Commission must be established to study the problems of the retail sector and to evolve policies that will enable it to cope with FDI- as and when it comes. The proposed National Commission should evolve a clear set of conditionalities on giant foreign retailers on the procurement of farm produce, domestically manufactured merchandise and imported goods. These conditionalities must be aimed at encouraging the purchase of goods in the domestic market, state the minimum space, size and specify details like, construction and storage standards, the ratio of floor space to parking space etc. Giant shopping centres must not add to our existing urban snarl.  [28]   In order to address the dislocation issue, it becomes imperative to develop and improve the manufacturing sector in India. There has been a substantial fall in employment by the manufacturing sector, to the extent of 4.06 lakhs over the period 1998 to 2001, while its contribution to the GDP has grown at an average rate of only 3.7%.  [29]   The government must actively encourage setting up of co-operative stores to procure and stock their consumer goods and commodities from small producers. This will address the dual problem of limited promotion and marketing ability, as well as market penetration for the retailer. The government can also facilitate the setting up of warehousing units and cold chains, thereby lowering the capital costs for the small retailers. Set up an Agricultural Perishable Produce Commission (APPC), to ensure that procurement prices for perishable commodities are fair to farmers and that they are not distorted with relation to market prices. Quality regulation, certification price administration bodies can be created at district and lower levels for upgrading the technical and human interface in the rural to urban supply chain. Credit availability for retail traders must be encouraged with a view to enhancing employment and higher utilization of fixed assets. This would lead to less wastage (India has currently the highest wastage in the world) of perishables, enhance nutritional status of producers and increase caloric availability. CONCLUSION Indias retail sector remains off-limits to large international chains especially in multi-brand retailing. A number of concerns have been raised about opening up the retail sector to FDI in India. But, after in depth study it can be safely contended that the advantages of allowing unrestrained FDI in the retail sector evidently outweigh the disadvantages attached to it. While initially the small indigenous retailers business would be impacted once modern retail enters the locality, this adverse impact is expected to be short-lived and to weaken over time. Indias experience between 1990-2010, particularly in the telecommunications and IT industries, showcases the various benefits of opening the door to large-scale investments in these sectors. Arguably, it is now the turn of retail. It is expected that organized retail could help tackle inflation, particularly with wholesale prices. It is also expected that technical know-how from foreign firms, such as warehousing technologies and distribution systems, for example, will lend itself to improving the supply chain in India, especially for agricultural produce. Creating better linkages between demand and supply also has the potential to improve the price signals that farmers receiv

Organizational Behavior Essay -- essays research papers

Organizational Behavior: A Case of Effective Management   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   â€Å"Organizational structure is the formal system of task and reporting relationships that controls, coordinates, and motivates employees so that they cooperate and work together to achieve the organization’s goals†. (George et al, 2002). The importance of structure can’t be stressed enough. Having an organizational structure ensures that each member of the organization has the correct goals of their particular department set. A good structure will give people the motivation needed to achieve those goals, and enhance their performance. As discussed in our text, in order to encourage work, cooperation, and the drive needed from employees, an organization should have some sort of organizational structure. Whether a functional structure, a divisional structure, a network structure, or even a matrix structure, every corporation must have one type to achieve the directives set forth by their mission statement. A strong structure essentially changes the way people work, and the results of their work ethics will produce quality work. If we look at the Aberdeen plant, we see what I believe to be, a functional structure. This structure, that Lancaster as developed, has proven to be quite a success. Each employee is a member of a group, and each group has a leader that has been chosen by the team members. If we try to put Aberdeen in an organizational chart, it will look something like this: Then, from the team leaders, come the members of each group, and information is shared between everyone within the hierarchy. This is what forms the trust needed, and helps coordinate people, and encourages motivation. At Green River, this type of structure can be implemented, but not without doing away with the union. The union, in essence, has its own hierarchy within the union itself. Here, at Green river, I can see more of a divisional structure with a concentration on the product structure, or quite possibly a market structure. Green River is part of Alkali Chemicals, which is a division of FMC that supplied to many different areas of the market. Its goal was to produce sodium-based chemicals to the detergent industry, the glass industry, and large commercial chemical plants (Clawson et al, 2003). This type of structure does not allow for much group interactivity as a formal structure ... ...in the organizational goals. Having done this, the organization can build a strong culture, and increase the performance of its employees. At Green River, the culture is built on an interactive management style from Dailey. He has built high levels of trust with his employees, and he is always willing to share information with them. This type of culture has proven to be successful in his plant. If he wants to improve the culture, then maybe he can try to do as Aberdeen and have employee picnics and such, and having them bring their families. Or, Dailey can incorporate a new code of ethics. Make the union members responsible for their own actions, and promote the fact that he will always be there to offer support if anyone has problems to deal with, professionally or personally. Promote the company as being a family unit. This can build a strong relationship with both organizations†¦the union organization and Green River management. References Clawson, J. (2003). Custom business resources. Custom ed.: Prentice Hall. George, Jennifer M., & Jones, Gareth R. (). Organizational behavior. 3rd ed. Upper Saddle River, New: Prentice Hall.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  

The First Knight

In medieval times people lived by the medieval code of chivalry which is usually associated with ideals of knightly virtues, honor and courtly love. In a knights code of chivalry a knight was expected to have strength and skills to fight but also was expected to be kind. In the rules of courtly love it describes the pure romance of love but also the love for another man’s wife. In the movie the first knight, Lancelot displays the ideals of medieval chivalry and courtly love in admirable ways but also in ways that caused pure chaos.In the film, Lancelot illustrates the knight’s code of chivalry even before he became a knight. In the code of chivalry, one of the rules is to protect the weak and defenseless. Lancelot shows this again and again by protecting Guinevere. The first time he shows this is when Guinevere’s carriage was attacked by prince Malagants followers and her carriage was being taken away he saved her and brought her back safely.Another time is when he goes to save her from Malagants cave when she was abducted by his people from the castle in the middle of the night. Although he protects her all the time his reason to do so is very abstruse because he doesn’t do it to protect the queen but because they both have a clandestine love for each other which later on leads to a calamity. Courtly love is very well illustrated in Lancelot’s love for Guinevere in the film the first knight.In the rules of courtly love it points out that a true lover is continually and without interruption obsessed by the image of his beloved and that in sight of his beloved, the heart of the lover begins to palpitate. In the first knight, Lancelot admits to Guinevere more than once that he cherishes her so much that he can’t balk the thought of her out of his head. Another part of the movie where he displays courtly love is when the people are playing the gauntlet and he sees her you can see that he is mesmerized by her sight and that his heart is palpitating.Even though Lancelot was in love with King Arthur’s wife (Queen Guinevere) behind his back he still displayed even more chivalry when King Arthur noticed he would make an adept knight and made him a knight of the round table. When Lancelot joined this camaraderie he vowed to protect every one of his brothers no matter what. In the knights code of chivalry it points out that you have to guard the honor of his fellow knights and to protect them.When Lancelot saw that his brothers (Knights of the Round Table) needed help during a battle, he would go and protect them from the enemy. Although I accede with many of the rules of courtly love the times have changed and today its hard to find someone who still follows the rules as well as Lancelot followed them for the love he had for Queen Guinevere. In spite of the fact that he is loving a married woman Lancelot stuck to many of the rules of chivalry and courtly love.

Affirmative Action Was Created By Universities - 2060 Words

Throughout its earlier beginnings, Affirmative action was created by Universities who were obliged to improve the educational opportunities of groups who have experienced prejudice in the past, however defies the basis of American civilization. The leading figures in American Independence battled adversity to create an equal chance for all people. â€Å"Martin Luther King, Jr., said in 1963, ‘I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed: ‘We hold those truths to be self evident’, that all men are created equal† (Pearson). In the effect of these leading figures in the revolution of independence, there were dreams to create a different nation, where freedom and were the basis for right and wrong. Ideals of people have allowed for constitutional changes over the course of history. Martin Luther King, Jr., became one of the larges advocates for liberty. His credibility flowed from his pure dream with good intent ion. Throughout time, leaders, like him, have worked to give equal opportunity to young adults everywhere. In the more recent times, Presidents have labored to pass legislation to prohibit racism. A historian, Anne Stokely stated that â€Å"Affirmative Action in the United States dates from the administration of President Lyndon B. Johnson in the early 1960s. After signing the Civil Rights Act into law in 1964 prohibiting discrimination based on race, color, religion, or national origin, President Johnson went one step further†Show MoreRelatedAffirmative Action Should Not Be A Program1540 Words   |  7 Pagesmodern American government and yet is still very active today. Affirmative action is defined as â€Å"the practice of improving the educational and job opportunities of members of groups that have not been treated fairly in the past because of their race, sex, etc† (Merriam-Webster). 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